Thanks to my students and high school journalism students throughout Nebraska who teach their teachers about technology. The technology experts at my own school were invaluable in this study, not only for support, but with resources and reassurance as well.
Many thanks also go to my thesis committee, under the direction of Dr. Jeremy Lipschultz, who were quietly patient and supportive of my efforts throughout the process.
Finally, thanks to a persistent husband and a patient son who understood that mommy just needed to get this done first. My family believes in me and believes with me, that this is a valuable study. Thank you all.
Acuff, J. M. (1982) A Study of Teachers' Concerns and the
Introduction of Microcomputers in the Classroom. Thesis, University of
Nebraska at Omaha.
Ahmed, C. (1998) Powerpoint versus traditional overheads. Which is
more effective for learning? Paper presented at South Dakota Association
Conference for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, November, Sioux
Falls, SD.
Albrecht, T. L. & Hall, B. J. (1991). Facilitating talk
about new ideas: the role of personal communication in organizational
innovation. Communication Monographs. 58(3).
Alfaro, R. (1999). The technology-reading connection. Educational
Leadership. 56(6). 48-50.
Babbie, E. (1998). The practice of social research. Wadsworth,
Belmont, CA.
Becker, H. (1992). Equity and the Tbig picture." Technos
Quarterly. 1(1). Available:
http://www.technox.net/journal/volumne1/1becker.htm
Benedict, M. (2000). Technology reshapes scholastic journalism. Adviser
Update. 40(3). 1-2.
Boozer, Krueger & Wolken (1991)
Bordia, P. (1997). Face-to-face versus computer-mediated communication:
a synthesis of the experimental literature. Journal of Business
Communication. 34(1). 99-120.
Bowman, R. (1999). Change in education: Connecting the dots. Clearing
House. 72(5). 295-298. MAS FullTEXT
Boyer, T. (1999). Playing catch up. American Journalism Review. 21(6).
46-51.
Chen, J. & Bankston, R. (1998, April). The diffusion of
computer skills in communication curricula: is there a gap between the
educational experience and employersU needs? Paper presented at the Annual
Meeting of the Central States Communication Association, Chicago.
Chin, S. & Hortin, J. (1993). A survey on the perceptions of
elementary teachersU use of technology and the implications for inservice.
International Journal of Instructional Media. 20(4). 317-35.
Cooper, J. & Bull G. (1997). Technology and teacher education:
Past practices and recommended directions. Action in Teacher Education.
19. 97-106.
Conte, A. & Weber, R. (1999). Is technology the "best hope" for
teaching students about mathematics and science? The Technology Teacher.
59(1). 19-23.
Cuban, L. (1999). High-tech school, low-tech teaching.
Education Digest. 64(5). 53-55. MAS FullTEXT
Cuban. L. (1994). Computers meet classroom: Who wins? Education
Digest. 59(7). 50-54. MAS FullTEXT
Dalton, D. (1989). Computers in the schools: A
diffusion/adoption perspective. Educational Technology. 29(11). 20-27.
Damanpour, F. (1988). Innovation type, radicalness, and the adoption
process. Communication Research. 15(5). 545-567.
Dede, C. (1990). Imagining technologyUs role in restructuring for
learning. Restructuring for learning with technology: Center for
Technology in Education and the National Center on Education and the
Economy. 49-62.
Dexter, S., Anderson, R. & Becker, H. (1999). TeachersU views of
computers as catalysts for changes in their teaching practice. Journal of
Research on Computing in Education. 31(3). 221-39.
"Diffusion" (1989) WebsterUs ninth new collegiate dictionary. 355.
Elliott, P., Ingersoll, G. & Smith, C. (1984). Trends and
attitudes in the use of educational media and materials. Educational
Technology. 24 (4). 19-24.
Forgione, P. (1999) statement at the release of Teacher Quality: A Report
on the Preparation and Qualifications of Public School Teachers. U.S.
Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
Available: http://nces.ed.gov/Pressrelease/tq.html.
Fougere, K & Olinsky, A. (1990). Educational Institutions must
keep pace with changing computer technology. Education. 110(4).
463-473. MAS FullTEXT
Garner, R. & Gillingham, M. (1999). New voices: the internet
communication of high school kids who (usually) wonUt write. The High
School Journal. 82(3). 172-181.
Geisert, P. & Futrell, M. (1990). Teachers, Computers, and
Curriculum. Needham Heights, MA: Simon & Schuster.
Gordon, G. (1989). A study of attitudes and perceptions
concerning new technologies. Clearinghouse: Information Resources.
Green, K. (1996). The coming ubiquity of information technology.
Change. 28(2). 24-30.
Greenleaf, C. (1994). Technological indeterminacy: The role of
classroom writing practices and pedagogy in shaping student use of the
computer. Written Communication. 11(1). 85-129. Academic Search Elite.
Gunaratne, S. & Lee, B. (1996) Integration of internet
resources into curriculum and instruction. Journalism and Mass
Communication Educator. _(--). 25-35.
Hall, G. E. et al (1975). Levels of use of the innovation: a
framework for analyzing innovation adoption. Journal of Teacher
Education. 26(1). 52-56.
Hardy, J. (1998). Teacher attitudes toward and knowledge of
computer technology. Computers in the Schools. 14(3/4). 119-136.
Havelock, R. (1995). The change agentUs guide. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
Herndon, S. L. (1997). Theory and practice: implications for the
implementation of communication technology in organizations. The Journal
of Business Communication. 34(1). 121-129.
Herschel, R. T. & Andrews, P. H. (1997). Ethical implications of
technological advances on business communication. Journal of Business
Communication. 34(2). 160-170.
Hope, W. (1998). The next step: Integrating computers and related
technologies into practice. Contemporary Education. 69(3). 137-142. MAS
FullTEXT.
Hunter, J. & Allen, M. (1992). Adaptation to electronic mail. Journal
of Applied Communication Research. 20(3).
ICONOCAST (2000) Internet at a glance. Available: http://www.iconocast.com
Isernhagen, J. (1999). Technology: A major catalyst for increasing
learning. T.H.E. Journal. 27(1) 30+.
Ithel, J. (1998). The effect of computer-generated spoken feedback on
kindergarten studentsU written narratives. Journal of Computing in
Childhood Education. 9(1). 43-56.
Jadali, F. (1999). Paperless classrooms. Tech Directions. 59(3).
14-15.
Karahanna, E., Straub, D., & Chervany, N. (1999). Information technology
adoption across time: A cross-sectional comparison of pre-adoption and
post-adoption beliefs. MIS Quarterly. 23(2). 183-213.
Kearsley, G. & Lynch, W. (1992). Educational leadership in the age of
technology: The new skills. Journal of Research on Computing in Education.
25(1). 50-61.
Kelly, J. (1996, August). Going digital at college newspapers: the
impact of photo credibility and work routines. Paper presented at the
Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass
Communication, Anaheim, CA.
Kent, T. & McNergney R. (1999). Will technology really change
education? From blackboard to web. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Ketterer, S. (1998). Teaching studetns how to evaluate and use online
resources. Journalism and Mass Communication Educator. 52(4). 4-14.
Kinnunen, J. (1996). Gabriel Tarde as a founding father of innovation
diffusion research. Acta Sociologica. 39(4). 431-443.
Knapp, L. & Glenn, A. (1996). Restructuring Schools with Technology.
Needham Heights, MA: Simon & Schuster.
Komsky, S. H. (1991). A profile of users of electronic mail in
a university. Management Communication Quarterly. 4(3). 310-340.
Koohang, A. (1989). A study of the attitudes toward computers:
anxiety, confidence, liking and perception of usefulness. Journal of
Research on Computing in Education. 22(2). 137-150.
Ku, L. (1996). Social and nonsocial uses of electronic messaging
systems in organizations. The Journal of Business Communication. 33(3).
297-325.
Lord, M. (1995). Cyberjobs: telemedicine; digital journalism:
across careers, information technology opens up new niches. U.S. News
and World Report. 119. 76-9+.
Lowery, S. A. & DeFleur, M. L. (1995). Milestones in mass
communication research. White Plains, NY: Longman Inc.
Martinson, D. (1998). Educators and the new mass media
technology: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Contemporary Education.
69(3). 150-155. MAS FullTEXT
McQuail, D. (1994). Mass Communication Theory. London: Sage
Inc.
Mitchell, R. B., Crawford, M. C. & Madden, R. B. (1985). An
investigation of the impact of electronic communications systems on
organizational communication patterns. The Journal of Business
Communication. 22(4). 9-16.
Mellon, C. (1999). Digital storytelling: effective learning
through the internet. Educational Technology. 39(2). 46-50.
Moersch, C. (1999). Assessing current technology use in the
classroom: A key to efficient staff development and technology planning.
Learning and Leading With Technology. 26(8). 41-49.
Available:www.iste.org/L&L.
Moersch, C. (1995). Levels of technology implementation (LoTi):
A framework for measuring classroom technology use. Learning and Leading
With Technology. 23(3). 40-42. Available: www.iste.org/L&L.
Molindo, E. A. (1997) Principals' Perceptions of
Administration-Related Uses of the Internet: An Exploratory Study.
Dissertation, University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Moursund, D. (1999). Enhancing your opportunities to learn: A
different slant on professional development. Learning and Leading With
Technology. 26(7). 4-5. Available: www.iste.org/L&L.
Morse, M. (1992). Coming soon: Technology and the future of high
school publications. Communication: Journalism Education Today. 25(3).
6-7.
Noack, D. (1998). Bias against online news reporters. Editor
and Publisher. 131. 13-14+.
Norton, P. & Gonzales, C. (1998). Regional education technology
assistance initiativeQphase II: Evaluating a model for statewide
professional development. Journal of Research on Computing in Education.
31(3). 25-49.
Office of Technology Assessment (1995). Teachers and technology:
Making the connection. Washington, D.C. Government Printing Office.
Papa, M. J. (1989). Communicator competence and employee
performance with new technology: a case study. The Southern Communication
Journal. 55. 87-101.
Papa, M. J. & Tracy, K. (1988). Communicative indices of employee
performance with new technology. Communication Research. 15(5).
524-544.
Parr, J. (1999). Extending educational computing:A case of extensive
teacher development and support. Journal of Research on Computing in
Education. 31(3). 280-91.
Pattison, N. (1995). The price of pagination. The Quill. 83. 31-2.
Peng, F. Y. et al. (1999). Trends in online newspapers: a look at the
US web. Newspaper Research Journal. 20(2). 52-63.
Pew Research Center (1999) Online newcomers nore middle-brow, less
work-oriented: The Internet news audience goes ordinary. Available:
www.people-press.org/tech98mor.htm.
Phipps, J. (1998). Teaching new media journalists. Editor and
Publisher. 131.(13). 29.
Poole, M. S., Holmes, M., Watson, R. & DeSanctis, G. (1993). Group
decision support systems and group communication: a comparison of decision
making in computer-supported and nonsupported groups. Communication
Research. 20(2). 176-213.
Postman, N. (1995). Virtual students, digital classroom. Nation. 261(111).
377-383.
Reinhardt, L. (1999). Confessions of a TTechno-Teacher.U College
Teaching. 47(2). 48-50.
Reinsch, N. L. & Beswick, R. W. (1995). Preferences of sending
word-processed versus handwritten messages: an exploratory study. Journal
of Business and Technical Communication. 9(1). 42-62.
Riley, R. (1998). Technology and education: An investment in equity and
excellence. Speech to the National Press Club Washington, D.C., July 29.
[Online document]. Available: www.ed.gov/Speeches/980729.html.
Rodriguez, R. (1996). Democratizing the news media. Black Issues in
Higher Education. 13. 12-14.
Rogers, E. (1995). Diffusion of Innovations. The Free Press: New York.
**Rogers, E. Williams, West (1977)
Ropp, M. (1999). Exploring individual characteristics associated with
learning to use computers in preservice teacher preparation. Journal of
Research on Computing in Education. 30(4). 402-24.
Rosen, L.D. & Weil, M. (1995a). Adult and teenage use of consumer,
business and entertainment technology: potholes on the information
superhighway?. Journal of Consumer Affairs. 29. 55-85.
Rosen, L.D. & Weil, M. (1995b). Computer availability, computer
experience and technophobia among public school teachers. Computers in
Human Behavior. 11(1). 9-32.
Ryan, B. & Gross, N. (1943). The diffusion of hybrid seed corn in two Iowa
communities. Rural Sociology. 8. 15-24.
Sheingold, K. (1990). Restructuring for learning with technology: the
potential for synergy. Center for Technology in Education and the
National Center on Education and the Economy. 9-27.
Sherblom, J. (1988). Direction, Function and signature in electronic
mail. The Journal of Business Communication. 25 (4). 39-54.
Simon, J. & Napolitano, C. (1999). WeUre all nerds now. Columbia
Journalism Review. 37(6). 19-20+.
Singer, J. B. et al. (1996). Attitudes of professors and students
about new media technology. Journalism and Mass Communication Educator.
51(2): 36-45.
Singer, J. B. et al. (1999). Online staffers: superstars or
second-class citizens? Newspaper Research Journal. 20(3). 29-47.
Smeltzer, L. R. (1992). Supervisory-subordinate communication when
mediated by audio-graphics teleconferencing. The Journal of Business
Communication. 29(2). 161-178.
Somekh, B. & Davis, N. (1997) Using Information Technology Effectively
in Teaching and Learning: Studies in Pre-Service and In-Service Teacher
Education. London: Routledge.
Surry, D. & Brennan, J. P. (1998) Diffusion of instructional
innovations: five important, unexplored questions.
Sutherland, P. J. & Stewart, R. K. (1999). How accredited programs
use the world wide web. Journalism and Mass Communication Educator.
54(1). 16-22.
Stoll, C. (1999). High Tech Heretic. New York: Doubleday.
Topp, N. (1996). Preparation to use technology in the classroom:
Opinions by recent graduates. Journal of Computing in Teacher Education.
12(4). 24-7.
Van de ven, A. H. & Rogers, E. M. (1988). Innovations and
organizations. Communication Research. 15(5). 632-51.
VanDeventer, B. (1999). Nebraska School Technology Ranked at Top
in the Nation. Communication and Publications, Nebraska Department of
Education.
Vojtek, B. & Vojtek, R. (1999). Wanted: 3 types. Journal of Staff
Development. 20(4). 66-7.
Wang, A. (1998). Newspapers go higher-tech. American Journalism
Review. 20(9). 16-7.
Wang, Y. & Holthaus, P. (1999). Facing the world: Student
teachersU computer use during practicum. Journal of Educational
Technology Systems. 27(3). 207-23.
Wetzel, K. (1999). Getting in the technology game. Learning and
Leading with Technology. 27(2). 32-5.
Wigmore, J. (1988) An investigation of the use of computers by
secondary science teachers in Oregon and the factors associated with the
extent of implementation of instructional computing. Doctoral
Dissertation. University of Oregon. DAI 49/09A, p. 2607
Willis, J. & Austin L. (1993). A decade of dissertations on
technology and teacher education: A review and critique. Paper presented
at the fourth annual conference of the Society for Technology and Teacher
Education (STATE). San Diego, CA.
Zehr, M. A. (1998). Technology counts. Education Week. 17(11).
Available: www.edweek.org/sreports/tc.
